
Stripped
- Año: 2016
- País: United Kingdom, United States of America
- Género: Drama
- Estudio: IndyVention, LeanderVention
- Palabra clave:
- Director: India Dupré
- Emitir: Katheryn Winnick, Boyd Austin, Alan Shearman, Melissa Bickerton, Stella Bonstin, Kimberly Cashner